Lecture notes for the course "computer electronics". Wholesale online store of Chinese goods Lecture notes for the course "computer electronics"

The Computer Electronics course program is designed for high school students and is accessible to anyone who is at least slightly familiar with electrical circuits.

We are witnessing remarkable progress in the field computer technology. Various electronic circuits surround us everywhere. Almost every one of us has a smartphone in our pocket, with which we communicate with friends and acquaintances, look for the necessary information on the Internet, and play games during leisure hours. In mass production, robots are increasingly being used to perform repetitive tasks, doing the job faster and more accurately than humans. On the streets, traffic lights are connected in unified system for thread control traffic. Over time, electronic circuits are becoming cheaper and more functional, allowing them to be used in an increasing number of applications. various devices.

All sorts of things electronic device- this is a unique world of electrical signals. Here they are born and die, here the signals come so that, after running through numerous electrical circuits, having undergone many of the most amazing transformations, turn into a beautiful melody, a picture on the screen or turning on the engine on spaceship.

Knowledge of how electronic circuits work, how to properly connect power to them and supply electrical signals, and measure the response signal is necessary not only for electronics specialists, but also for those for whom electronics is an auxiliary discipline: future physicists, engineers, chemists, biologists.

The training in this course is based on practical experience in assembling a variety of real electrical and electronic circuits, experimenting with them. Practical classes take place in a laboratory equipped with special training equipment and computer calculation programs.

In the presented program, along with training in the subject, there are master classes on solving and analyzing olympiad problems and pre-professional exam problems in areas (research, design, technology, programming).

Having successfully completed the course, the student will be able to take part in the finals of the “Highest Test” Olympiad, the Moscow Pre-Professional Olympiad for Schoolchildren and successfully pass the pre-professional exam in the areas of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. In addition, each student who has completed training in the chosen course will be able to take part in design and research activities and prepare their project at scientific and practical events at the city and all-Russian level (Scientific and Practical Conference “Engineers of the Future” and Competition of Research and Design Works of Schoolchildren “ Aerobatics" NRU HSE).

Contingent of students- only schoolchildren of grades 10-11 studying in engineering classes in schools that have the status of a participant or candidate in the project “Engineering class in a Moscow school” of the Moscow Department of Education

Education For this contingent students - free

Class location- Moscow city, Tallinskaya street, 34, MIEM NRU HSE, Strogino metro station (last car from the center, 5 minutes walk from the metro)

Class schedule for 2018

Donetsk - DNTU - 2013

Educational edition

Lecture notes for the course "computer electronics"

for students of specialties:

7.091501 "Computer systems and networks"

7.091502 - "System programming"

Compiled by: Krasnokutsky Vladimir Alekseevich

APPROVED

at a meeting of the computer department

protocol no. dated

Donetsk - DNTU - 2013

UDC 681.3-681.375

Lecture notes for the course "Computer Electronics". Krasnokutsky V.A. - Donetsk: DonNtu, 2013 - 50 p.

Lecture notes for the course "Computer Electronics. Module 2" are recommended for students of specialties 7.091501 "Computer systems and networks", and 7.091502 - "System programming". The lecture material is devoted to the study of typical analog circuits using discrete electronic elements. Simulation results in the MicroCAP simulation system are used to illustrate the operation of the circuits. Each chapter contains test questions and assignments. The most important diagrams are accompanied by calculation examples. To better assimilate the lecture material, it is advisable to use some kind of electronic circuit modeling system, for example, MicroCAP.

Compiled by: Krasnokutsky V.A.

Responsible

for the issue: Lapko V.V.

Reviewer: Gusev B.S.

1. Electrical signal amplifiers.

1.1. General information about electrical signal amplifiers. Basic parameters and characteristics of amplifiers

An amplifier is a device that converts input electrical signals into higher power output signals. This conversion is carried out using the energy of the power source.

Based on the type of signals being amplified, they are divided into amplifiers of harmonic signals and amplifiers of pulsed signals.

Based on the nature of the change in the amplified signal over time, amplifiers are divided into amplifiers direct current and AC amplifiers. The latter are divided into low-frequency, high-frequency, broadband, selective, etc. amplifiers.

Depending on the nature of the load and purpose, voltage, current and power amplifiers are distinguished.

The equivalent circuit of the amplifier is shown in Fig. 1.1.

The main characteristics of the amplifier are as follows:

1) Voltage Gain, defined as the ratio of the voltage increment at the amplifier output to the voltage increment at the input

,

, where U in and U out are the amplitude values ​​of alternating sinusoidal voltages.

2) Current gain, equal to the ratio of the amplifier output current increment to the input current increment

,

where I in and I out are the amplitude values ​​of alternating sinusoidal currents.

3) Power gain

,

where P out is the output power that is given to the load, P in is the input power that is taken from the input signal source.

In some cases, the gain is expressed in logarithmic units - decibels (dB):

,

,

.

Expressing the gain in logarithmic units has the advantage that when finding the overall gain of a multistage amplifier, the gains of the individual stages must be algebraically summed.

4) B general view The amplifier gain is a complex value that depends on the frequency of the input signal

,

where A(ω) is the module of the complex gain; φ(ω) is an argument characterizing the phase shift between the output and input signals.

The dependence of the module A(ω) on the frequency of the input signal is amplitude-frequency response (AFC) amplifier, which shows the dependence of the amplifier gain on the frequency of the input signal. The dependence of the phase shift of the output signal on the frequency φ(ω) is called phase - frequency response.

For an ideal amplifier, the frequency response is a straight line parallel to the abscissa axis, i.e. in such an amplifier, signals with a frequency from 0 to ∞ are equally amplified. In real amplifiers there is a certain frequency band, within which the gain varies no more than is permissible under the given technical conditions. Typically, it is allowed to reduce the gain at the cutoff frequencies by no more than
times, which corresponds to 3 dB on a logarithmic scale.

5) The amplifier on the input side is characterized input impedance

.

6) From the side of the output terminals, the amplifier can be represented as a dependent voltage source, the value of which is proportional to the input voltage (AU input) and output impedance Rout, which is determined from the formula

.

7) Nonlinear distortion amplifiers are associated with the nonlinearity of the characteristics of the transistors that make up the amplifier. Nonlinear distortions lead to the appearance of higher harmonic components in the output signal. Distortions of this type can be assessed using nonlinear distortion factor

,

where U 1 is the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic, U 2 , U 3 , U 4 are the amplitudes of higher harmonics.

Nonlinear distortions usually have significant values ​​at large amplitudes of input signals.

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